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INTRODUCTION TO LANS, WANS AND OTHER KINDS OF AREA NETWORKS

 

 

INTRODUCTION TO LANS, WANS AND OTHER KINDS OF AREA NETWORKS

One way to categorize the different types of computer network designs is by their scope or scale. For historical reasons, the networking industry refers to nearly every type of design as some kind of area network. Common types of area networks are:

• LAN - Local Area Network
• WAN - Wide Area Network
• WLAN - Wireless Local Area Network
• MAN - Metropolitan Area Network
• SAN - Storage Area Network, System Area Network, Server Area Network, or sometimes Small Area Network

• CAN - Campus Area Network, Controller Area Network, or sometimes Cluster Area Network
• PAN - Personal Area Network

LAN and WAN are the two primary and best-known categories of area networks, while the others have emerged with technology advances

Note that network types differ from network topologies (such as bus, ring and star). (See also - Introduction to Network Topologies.)

LAN: Local Area Network

A LAN connects network devices over a relatively short distance. A networked office building, school, or home usually contains a single LAN, though sometimes one building will contain a few small LANs (perhaps one per room), and occasionally a LAN will span a group of nearby buildings. In TCP/IP networking, a LAN is often but not always implemented as a single IP subnet.

In addition to operating in a limited space, LANs are also typically owned, controlled, and managed by a single person or organization.

They also tend to use certain connectivity technologies, primarily Ethernet and Token Ring.

WAN: Wide Area Network

As the term implies, a WAN spans a large physical distance. The Internet is the largest WAN, spanning the Earth.

A WAN is a geographically-dispersed collection of LANs. A network device called a router connects LANs to a WAN.

In IP networking, the router maintains both a LAN address and a WAN address.

A WAN differs from a LAN in several important ways. Most WANs (like the Internet) are not owned by any one organization but rather exist under collective or distributed ownership and management. WANs tend to use technology like ATM, Frame Relay and X.25 for connectivity over the longer distances.

LAN, WAN and Home Networking

Residences typically employ one LAN and connect to the Internet WAN via an Internet Service Provider (ISP) using a broadband modem. The ISP provides a WAN IP address to the modem, and all of the computers on the home network use LAN (so-called private) IP addresses. All computers on the home LAN can communicate directly with each other but must go through a central network gateway, typically a broadband router, to reach the ISP.

Other Types of Area Networks

While LAN and WAN are by far the most popular network types mentioned, you may also commonly see references to these others:

• Wireless Local Area Network - A LAN based on Wi-Fi wireless network technology
• Metropolitan Area Network - A network spanning a physical area larger than a LAN but smaller than a WAN, such as a city. A MAN is typically owned and operated by a single entity such as a government body or large corporation.

• Campus Area Network - A network spanning multiple LANs but smaller than a MAN, such as on a university or local business campus.
• Storage Area Network - Connects servers to data storage devices through a technology like Fibre Channel.
• System Area Network (also known as Cluster Area Network) - Links high-performance computers with high-speed connections in a cluster configuration.

  

USING YOUR MOUSE

USING YOUR MOUSE

Just as you would use your hands to interact with objects in the physical world, you can use your mouse to interact with items on your computer screen. You can move objects, open them, change them, throw them away, and perform other actions, all by pointing and clicking with your mouse.

Basic parts

A mouse typically has two buttons: a primary button (usually the left button) and a secondary button (usually the right button). You will use the primary button most often. Most mice also include a scroll wheel between the buttons to help you scroll through documents and webpages more easily. On some mice, the scroll wheel can be pressed to act as a third button. Advanced mice might have additional buttons that can perform other functions.

 

Parts of a mouse

Holding and moving the mouse

Mouse pointers

 

Place your mouse beside your keyboard on a clean, smooth surface, such as a mouse pad. Hold the mouse gently, with your index finger resting on the primary button and your thumb resting on the side. To move the mouse, slide it slowly in any direction. Don't twist it—keep the front of the mouse aimed away from you. As you move the mouse, a pointer (see picture) on your screen moves in the same direction. If you run out of room to move your mouse on your desk or mouse pad, just pick up the mouse and bring it back closer to you.

Hold the mouse lightly, keeping your wrist straight

Pointing, clicking, and dragging

Pointing to an item on the screen means moving your mouse so the pointer appears to be touching the item. When you point to something, a small box often appears that describes the item. For example, when you point to the Recycle Bin on the desktop, a box appears with this information: "Contains the files and folders that you have deleted."

Pointing to an object often reveals a descriptive message about it

The pointer can change depending on what you're pointing to. For example, when you point to a link in your web browser, the pointer changes from an arrow to a hand with a pointing finger .

Most mouse actions combine pointing with pressing one of the mouse buttons. There are four basic ways to use your mouse buttons: clicking, double-clicking, right-clicking, and dragging.

Clicking (single-clicking)

To click an item, point to the item on the screen, and then press and release the primary button (usually the left button).

Clicking is most often used to select (mark) an item or open a menu. This is sometimes called single-clicking or left-clicking.

Double-clicking

To double-click an item, point to the item on the screen, and then click twice quickly. If the two clicks are spaced too far apart, they might be interpreted as two individual clicks rather than as one double-click.

Double-clicking is most often used to open items on your desktop. For example, you can start a program or open a folder by double-clicking its icon on the desktop.

Tip

• If you have trouble double-clicking, you can adjust the double-click speed (the amount of time acceptable between clicks). Follow these steps:

1.     Click to open Mouse Properties.

2.     Click the Buttons tab, and then, under Double-click speed, move the slider to increase or decrease the speed.

Right-clicking

To right-click an item, point to the item on the screen, and then press and release the secondary button (usually the right button).

Right-clicking an item usually displays a list of things you can do with the item. For example, when you right-click the Recycle Bin on your desktop, Windows displays a menu allowing you to open it, empty it, delete it, or see its properties. If you're ever unsure of what to do with something, right-click it.

 

Right-clicking the Recycle Bin opens a menu of related commands

Dragging

You can move items around your screen by dragging them. To drag an object, point to the object on the screen, press and hold the primary button, move the object to a new location, and then release the primary button.

Dragging (sometimes called dragging and dropping) is most often used to move files and folders to a different location and to move windows and icons around on your screen.

Using the scroll wheel

If your mouse has a scroll wheel, you can use it to scroll through documents and webpages. To scroll down, roll the wheel backward (toward you). To scroll up, roll the wheel forward (away from you).

Customizing your mouse

You can change your mouse settings to suit your personal preferences. For example, you can change how fast your mouse pointer moves around the screen, or change the pointer's appearance. If you're left-handed, you can switch the primary button to be the right button. For more information, see Change mouse settings.

 

USING YOUR KEYBOARD

USING YOUR KEYBOARD

Whether you're writing a letter or calculating numerical data, your keyboard is the main way to enter information into your computer. But did you know you can also use your keyboard to control your computer? Learning just a few simple keyboard commands (instructions to your computer) can help you work more efficiently. This article covers the basics of keyboard operation and gets you started with keyboard commands.

How the keys are organized?

The keys on your keyboard can be divided into several groups based on function:

• Typing (alphanumeric) keys. These keys include the same letter, number, punctuation, and symbol keys found on a traditional typewriter.
• Control keys. These keys are used alone or in combination with other keys to perform certain actions. The most frequently used control keys are Ctrl, Alt, the Windows logo key , and Esc.
• Function keys. The function keys are used to perform specific tasks. They are labeled as F1, F2, F3, and so on, up to F12. The functionality of these keys differs from program to program.
• Navigation keys. These keys are used for moving around in documents or webpages and editing text. They include the arrow keys, Home, End, Page Up, Page Down, Delete, and Insert.
• Numeric keypad. The numeric keypad is handy for entering numbers quickly. The keys are grouped together in a block like a conventional calculator or adding machine.

The following illustration shows how these keys are arranged on a typical keyboard. Your keyboard layout might be different.

 

Typing text

Whenever you need to type something in a program, e‑mail message, or text box, you'll see a blinking vertical line ( ). That's the cursor, also called the insertion point. It shows where the text that you type will begin. You can move the cursor by clicking in the desired location with the mouse, or by using the navigation keys (see the "Using navigation keys" section of this article).

In addition to letters, numerals, punctuation marks, and symbols, the typing keys also include Shift, Caps Lock, Tab, Enter, the Spacebar, and Backspace.

Key name	How to use it
Shift	Press Shift in combination with a letter to type an uppercase letter. Press Shift in combination with another key to type the symbol shown on the upper part of that key.
Caps Lock	Press Caps Lock once to type all letters as uppercase. Press Caps Lock again to turn this function off. Your keyboard might have a light indicating whether Caps Lock is on.
Tab	Press Tab to move the cursor several spaces forward. You can also press Tab to move to the next text box on a form.
Enter	Press Enter to move the cursor to the beginning of the next line. In a dialog box, press Enter to select the highlighted button.
Spacebar	Press the Spacebar to move the cursor one space forward.
Backspace	Press Backspace to delete the character before the cursor, or the selected text.

Using keyboard shortcuts

Keyboard shortcuts are ways to perform actions by using your keyboard. They're called shortcuts because they help you work faster. In fact, almost any action or command you can perform with a mouse can be performed faster using one or more keys on your keyboard.

In Help topics, a plus sign (+) between two or more keys indicates that those keys should be pressed in combination. For example, Ctrl+A means to press and hold Ctrl and then press A. Ctrl+Shift+A means to press and hold Ctrl and Shift and then press A.

Find program shortcuts

You can do things in most programs by using the keyboard. To see which commands have keyboard shortcuts, open a menu. The shortcuts (if available) are shown next to the menu items.

UTILITY SOFTWARE

UTILITY SOFTWARE

  Utility software is system software designed to help analyze, configure, optimize or maintain a computer.It is a type of system software, used to support the computer infrastructure; by contrast with application software, which is aimed at directly performing tasks that benefit ordinary users.

Types of utilities

• Anti-virus utilities scan for computer viruses.
• Archivers output a stream or a single file when provided with a directory or a set of files. Archive suites may include compression and encryption capabilities. Some archive utilities have a separate un-archive utility for the reverse operation.
• Backup software makes copies of all information stored on a disk and restore either the entire disk (e.g. in an event of disk failure) or selected files (e.g. in an event of accidental deletion).
• Clipboard managers expand the clipboard functionality of an operating system .
• Cryptographic utilities encrypt and decrypt streams and files.
• Data compression utilities output a shorter stream or a smaller file when provided with a stream or file.
• Data synchronization utilities establish consistency among data from a source to a target data storage and vice versa. There are several branches of this type of utility:
• File synchronization utilities maintain consistency between two sources. They may be used to create redundancy or backup copies but are also used to help users carry their digital music, photos and video in their mobile devices.
• Revision control utilities can recreate a coherent structure where multiple users simultaneously modify the same file.
• Disk checkers scan an operating hard drive and check for logical (file system) or physical errors.
• Disk cleaners find files that are unnecessary to computer operation, or take up considerable amounts of space. Disk cleaner helps the user to decide what to delete when their hard disk is full.
• Disk compression utilities transparently compress/uncompressed the contents of a disk, increasing the capacity of the disk.
• Disk defragmenters detect computer files whose contents are scattered across several locations on the hard disk, and move the fragments to one location to increase efficiency.
• Disk partition editors divide an individual drive into multiple logical drives, each with its own file system which can be mounted by the operating system and treated as an individual drive.
• Disk space analyzers provide a visualization of disk space usage by getting the size for each folder (including sub folders) & files in folder or drive. showing the distribution of the used space.
• File manager provide a convenient method of performing routine data management, email recovery and management tasks, such as deleting, renaming, cataloging, uncataloging, moving, copying, merging, generating and modifying folders and data sets.
• Hex editors directly modify the text or data of a file. These files could be data or an actual program.
• Memory testers check for memory failures.
• Network utilities analyze the computer's network connectivity, configure network settings, check data transfer or log events.
• Package managers are used to configure, install or keep up to date other software on a computer.
• Registry cleaners clean and optimize the Windows Registry by removing old registry keys that are no longer in use.
• Screensavers were desired to prevent phosphor burn-in on CRT and plasma computer monitors by blanking the screen or filling it with moving images or patterns when the computer is not in use. Contemporary screensavers are used primarily for entertainment or security.
• System monitors monitor resources and performance in a computer system.
• System profilers provide detailed information about the software installed and hardware attached to the computer

 

PAGE BREAKS AND SECTION BREAKS

 

 

PAGE BREAKS AND SECTION BREAKS

 

 

When we add a new story, we want it to begin on a new page. To do this, you can add  breaks. There are two types of breaks, page breaks and section breaks. Section breaks allow you to format things like headers and footers differently. For example, we don't  want headers on pages with a title, but we do want them on other pages. Section breaks  are ideal for this. If you didn't have them, each page would have the same header.

Scroll to the end of your first story, and left click on a new line. You should see the cursor flashing:

Click on the Page Layout tab at the top of Word. Locate the Page Setup panel and the Breaks item:

Click on Breaks to see the following menu:

The one we want is Section Breaks > Next Page. What this does is to add a new page to your document, and a new section. Your cursor should now be flashing on the new blank page.

To check that you have indeed added a new section, have a look in the bottom left of word. You should see a Section area on your Status Bar:

If you can't see the Section area, right click on the blue bar. From the menu that appears, click on Section:

If you were to click onto, say, page 1 of your story, the Section part of the Status Bar will read Section 1 instead of Section 2.

But with your cursor flashing on your new blank page, and in section 2, insert a new story just like you did for the first one.

You should find that all the text in your new story is formatted to the same as the first one. In other words, it will be formatted to the Normal style that we modified. This is fine, but the title isn't.

So highlight just the title of your new story. To change the style to the Fairy_Tales_Title style you set up, click back on the Home tab to see all the styles. Although you could select the style from the list, click the small arrow in the bottom right of the Styles panel, circled in red in the image below:

You should find that a menu will appear on the right of your screen, and stay there. To get rid of it, click that small arrow again. But the list displays all the styles that have been set up, including the one we want. So, with your title highlighted, click the Fairy_Tales_Title style from the list:

Your title of the second story will then change to match the first one in your booklet.

Add the remaining three stories in the same manner as you did for the second one:

• Insert a Section Break
• Insert the story
• Change the style of the title

When you're done, you should have a document with 5 stories. You should have 5 sections and 19 pages. (If you used a different font and font size than the one we used you may have more or fewer pages.)

We'll add a cover page and a contents page next. But we need two blank pages at the start. So move your cursor to the very start of your document, on the top line. (Hold down the UP arrow on your keyboard until it can't move any further.)

Now insert two more section breaks. (Page Layout tab, then Breaks > Section Break > Next Page.) Your first story will then start in Section 3. The first blank page will be Section 1, and the second blank page will be Section 2. With your cursor flashing at the top of Section 1, change your Style to Normal, if it's not already set to that style. Otherwise, when you press the enter key you may get the Fairy Tales Heading style for each paragraph instead.

 

In the next part, learn how to add a cover page to your booklet.